So, to maintain design COC some quantity of water is discharged from the cooling tower. This will lead to corrosion & scaling problem in the system if COC is not maintained as per design limit. It means as COC increases dissolved solids gets concentrate.
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Blow down:Īs you know when water evaporates it leaves solids & only pure water evaporates. On other side higher COC increases dissolved solids concentration in cooling tower. It is always advisable to maintain COC as high as possible to reduce make water requirement. The cycles of concentration normally vary from 3.0 to 8.0 depending on the design of a cooling tower. The last formula gives you more accurate COC if you have flow measurement facility available for makeup & Blowdown water in the cooling tower.
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Demonstrating that the rate depends on air flow proves that the relationship is going to be complex since only the air in contact with the surface will influence it, while air flow rates are for the bulk flow through a volume (not across a surface).COC = Silica in cooling water / Silica in makeup waterĬOC = Calcium Hardness in cooling water / Calcium Hardness in makeup waterĬOC = Conductivity in cooling water / Conductivity in makeup water.ĬOC = Make up water quantity / Blowdown water quantity It will also depend on the humidity of the air. The evaporation rate from that surface will clearly depend on the air flow across the surface, even at a constant temperature. (There are other ways as well, depending on the accuracy required and the processes involved.) Note: a simple example of the difficulty in determination of evaporation rate involves a wet surface.
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There are organic vapor monitoring devices, weight loss or tracer methods available. find some Chemical Engineering (etc.) literature which has measured that for a "sufficiently similar" process and interpolate. I'm just saying the same thing in another way that your absolute weight loss per unit time is dependent on the specifics of your process. Pound per minute (lb/min - Per minute), mass flow rate Type the number of Pound per minute (lb/min) you want to convert in the text box, to see the results in the table. The reason they are relative is because no two investigators are likely to have sufficiently similar experimental processes to state weight loss on an absolute basis and get the same results. Desired chemical concentration in parts per million (ppm). Flow rate of irrigation water in gallons per minute (gpm). Where Chemical injection rate in gallons per hour (gph). These rates are generally a weight ratio relative to some standard liquid (ethyl ether, acetone, benzene, etc.). When calculating the injection rate needed to control the chemical concentration in the irrigation water use this formula. It is true that various organics have had cited evaporation rates.
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The rate that a specific process occurs is obviously process dependent. The vapor pressure at a given temperature is determined AT EQUILIBRIUM - meaning the process/history is unimportant. Use the Water Supply fixture Units (WSFU) from your State Plumbing Codes and Flow RateTables on pages 6 and 7 to determine required flow rate. Determine continuous and peak flow rates in gpm A. Use sizing tables when Steps A or B are not available. It depends on the specifics of the process it is occurring in. (To convert billings in cubic feet to gallons multiply by 7.5) B. The stack is operational 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The first step is to calculate the stacks volumetric gas flow rate (V) using the formula below: V(m 3 /min) (gas velocity, m/s) (internal stack diameter, m) 2 /4 60 s/min. Example: The TPM emission rate from the stack is 250 ppm (mass). How many gallons of chlorine will this take 1.2 MG x 4 ppm x 8.34 lb/gal 32 gal.15 x 8.34 lb/gal Chlorination box 2 Example: If 500,000 gallons was treated with a 5. Evaporation rate is not a thermodynamic property. Use the stack mass flow rate (kg/min) to Convert to mass emission rate.